INTRODUCTION Odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) are two commonly used measures of association reported in research studies In crosssectional studies, the odds ratio is also referred to as the prevalence odds ratio (POR) when prevalent cases are included, and, instead of the RR, the prevalence ratio (PR) is calculatedOdds ratios (OR) are commonly reported in the medical literature as the measure of association between exposure and outcome However, it is relative risk that people more intuitively understand as a measure of association Relative risk can be directly determined in a cohort study by calculating a risk ratio (RR) Rate ratios are closely related to risk ratios, but they are computed as the ratio of the incidence rate in an exposed group divided by the incidence rate in an unexposed (or less exposed) comparison group Consider an example from The Nurses' Health Study This prospective cohort study was used to investigate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on
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Which is better odds ratio or relative risk-The odds ratio of death was 028 using conditional logistic regression (18, 61)ERRATA At about the 300 mark the slide says "10,00" when it is really supposed to say "10,000" I added a pop up box to fix it Thanks to Mehdi Hedjazi for
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In a matched cohort study of crash data, the risk ratio of death for those who wore a seat belt compared with those unbelted was estimated as 039 (95 percent confidence interval 037, 041) using conditional Poisson regression; The difference between the odds ratio and the relative risk depends on the risks (or odds) in both groups So for any reported odds ratio, the discrepancy between that odds ratio and the relative risk depends on both the initial risk and the odds ratio itselfRelative Risk and Odds Ratio for the obese 3) Overall, you can see that decreasing the baseline incidence will decrease the odds ratio (300 in those who are nonobese versus 129 in those who are obese) Obviously, these results run counter to expected results, putting the onus on the researcher to justify them Similarly, you should find
Odds ratio can be calculated in a cohort study and in a casecontrol study The exposure odds ratio is equal to the disease odds ratio Relative risk can only be calculated in a cohort study Odds ratio can be a measure of relative risk in case control study 6When used for cohort studies and randomized clinical trials, the odds ratio is often incorrectly interpreted as the risk ratio;RR and OR are commonly used measures of association in observational studies In this video I will discuss how to interpret them and how to apply them to pat
Subsequently, the term relative risk commonly refers to either the risk ratio or the odds ratio However, only under certain conditions does the odds ratio approximate the risk ratio Figure 1 shows that when the incidence of an outcome of interest in the study population is low (The relative merits of risk ratios and odds ratios Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 09;Odds ratio can be calculated in a cohort study and in a casecontrol study − The exposure odds ratio is equal to the disease odds ratio Relative risk can only be calculated in a cohort study 33 When Is Odds Ratio a Good Estimate of Relative Risk?
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The odds ratio can also be used to determine whether a particular exposure is a risk factor for a particular outcome, and to compare the magnitude of various risk factors for that outcome OR=1 Exposure does not affect odds of outcome OR>1 Exposure associated with higher odds of outcome ORRisk Estimate 2250 1090 4643 00 1076 795 994 250 Odds Ratio for FACOTOR (Placebo / Aspirin) For cohort DISEASE = Yes For cohort DISEASE = No N of Valid Cases Value Lower Upper 95% Confidence Interval Relative risk Odds ratio Click Statistics and check the Risk box in the Crosstabs Statistics dialog window to obtain risk This format is commonly expressed in cohort studies using logistic regression When the incidence of an outcome is low (
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Risk ratios When risks are computed in a study, the risk ratio is the measure that compares the Risk exposed to the Risk unexposed The risk ratio is defined as the risk in the exposed cohort (the index group) divided by the risk in the unexposed cohort (the reference group) A risk ratio may vary from zero to infinity Risk Ratio = a / (ab"OR" stands for "odds ratio" and "RR" stands for "relative risk" A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study used inConverting Odds Ratio to Relative Risk in Cohort Studies with Partial Data Information Zhu Wang Connecticut Children's Medical Center Abstract In medical and epidemiological studies, the odds ratio is a commonly applied measure to approximate the relative risk or risk ratio in cohort studies It is well known tha such
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–45 5 McNutt L, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes Am J Epidemiol 03; 2) Cohort studies will have information about persontime at risk, and so the desired outcomes are often incidence rates, population attributable risk, or risk ratios The odds ratio estimate for rare outcomes will approximately estimate the risk ratio in this design, but it makes more sense to compute the risk ratio directlyThe relative risk is best estimated using a population sample, but if the rare disease assumption holds, the odds ratio is a good approximation to the relative risk — the odds is p / (1 − p), so when p moves towards zero, 1 − p moves towards 1, meaning that the odds approaches the risk, and the odds ratio approaches the relative risk
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Case control studies are relatively inexpensive and less timeconsuming than cohort studies In this case the odds ratio (OR) is equal to 16 and the relative risk (RR) is equal to 865 What does a risk ratio of 075 mean? Other O does not have an R (cOhort), which means the other group does not have the risk factor Compare the two to see who gets the disease How to remember that case control studies measure odds ratio and cohort studies measure relative risk You take surgical "cases" to the "OR" (Operating room) Case control study Odds Ratio cohoRRRRRRtPressed as the risk ratio in cohort studiesandclinicaltrialsWhentheriskratio cannot be obtained directly (such as in a casecontrolstudy),theoddsratioiscalculated and often interpreted as if it were the risk ratio Subsequently, the term relative risk commonly refers to either the risk ratio or the odds ratio However, only under certain
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Relative Risk (RR) is a ratio of probabilities or put another way it is one probability divided by another Odds Ratio (OR) is a ratio or proportion of odds I just remember that odds ratio is a ratio of odds and probability isn't a ratio of odds (AKA it is the other option) Relative Risk = Probability / Probability Risk ratios, odds ratios, and hazard ratios are three ubiquitous statistical measures in clinical research, yet are often misused or misunderstood in their interpretation of a study's results A 01 paper looking at the use of odds ratios in obstetrics and gynecology research reported 26% of studies (N = 151) misinterpreted odds ratios as risk ratios , while a In case–control studies, the odds ratio is the appropriate effect estimate, and the odds ratio can sometimes be interpreted as a risk ratio or rate ratio depending on the sampling method 1 – 4 However, in cohort studies and RCTs, odds ratios are often interpreted as risk ratios
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Davies et al (1) state that the odds ratio is a common measure in casecontrol studies, cohort studies, or clinical trails Unfortunately, this first sentence of their article is not correct For different study designs, OR should only be used as a measure of effect size when RR can not be estimated directlyHi, Been reading through a research paper that used a prospective cohort study, but in the results table for measures of association, the odds ratio was used instead of relative risk Here's the key Relative Risk looks to the future for the effect of a particular cause hence it is used in prospective studies say a cohort study Lets compare the above with Odds Ratio The Odds Ratio can be addressed by asking te following question How many times more likely is a diseased group to have been exposed to a risk factor as
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Percent, population attributable risk percent, relative risk, odds, odds ratio, and others The concept and method of calculation are explained for each of these in simple terms and with the help of examples The interpretation of each is presented in plain English rather than in technical language Clinically useful notes are provided, We illustrated both relative risks and odds ratios using bar charts, then looked at the types of study for which each statistic is suited We demonstrated calculation of relative risks and odds ratios through analysis of tabled data from a recent published longitudinal study, using a 2 × 2 table and R, the opensource statistical programming The odds ratio (OR) or the ratio of odds of exposure is thus given by a/cb/d (or ad/bc) The odds ratio is generally a good estimate of the relative risk The terms odds ratio and relative risk are in fact interchangeable when used in casecontrol studies Population and hospitalbased casecontrols studies
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When the disease is rare, the odds ratio will be a very good approximation of the relative risk The more common the disease, the larger is the gap between odds ratio and relative risk In our example above, p wine and p no_wine were 0009 and 0012 respectively, so the odds ratio was a good approximation of the relative risk OR = 0752 and RRThe quote surely just means to say that the odds ratio is a relative risk measure rather than an estimate of the relative risk, which as already point out is only approximately the case in cohort studies/randomized trials for very low proportions By relative risk measure I mean something that is given relative to some comparison group in a way that the absolute difference depends on theCalculate exposure odds ratios 2 1 1 2 A B AB ˆOR = This statistic, which is just the crossproduct ratio of the entries in the 2by2 table, is an estimate of the relative incidence (relative risk) of the outcome associated with exposure (assuming data are errorfree) The confidence interval for the OR parameter is OR e OR z SE ln ˆ ln ˆ
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Definition The Odds Ratio is a measure of association which compares the odds of disease of those exposed to the odds of disease those unexposed Formulae OR = (odds of disease in exposed) / (odds of disease in the nonexposed) Example I often think food poisoning is a good scenario to consider when interpretting ORs Imagine a group of friends went out toRisk Ratio 31 • Can also be called Relative Risk or RR Exposure odds ratio • Similar to risk ratio from cohort study • PR= Prevalence of disease in exposed group/ Prevalence of disease in unexposed group OR Definition of risk ratio A risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2
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The odds ratio (OR) is the ratio of the odds of cancer in smokers to the odds of cancer in nonsmokers OR = (a/b)/ (c/d) = (ad)/ (bc) The risk ratio (RR), also called the relative risk, is the ratio of the probability of cancer in smokers to the probability of cancer in nonsmokers Given that you know a, b, c, and d, you can compute either ofIn epidemiological terms, the odds ratio is used as a point estimate of the relative risk in retrospective studies Odds ratio is the key statistic for most casecontrol studies In prospective studies, Attributable riskor risk difference is used to quantify risk in the exposed group that is attributable to the exposure If the relative risk is 1, the tutoring made no difference at all If it's above 1, then the tutored group actually had a higher risk of failing than the controls Odds Ratio The odds ratio is the ratio of the odds of an event in the Treatment group to the odds
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9222 Measures of relative effect the risk ratio and odds ratio Measures of relative effect express the outcome in one group relative to that in the other The risk ratio (or relative risk) is the ratio of the risk of an event in the two groups, whereas the odds ratio is the ratio of the odds of an event (see Box 92a)For both measures a value of 1 indicates that the estimated effectsFor prospective studies (clinical trials/cohort) quote Relative Risk For casecontrol studies quote Odds Ratio Odds Ratio approximates Relative Risk for a rare disease in casecontrol studies For a crosssectional study one has a choice between Odds Ratio and Relative Risk 36 Odds ratio vs relative risk Odds ratios and relative risks are interpreted in much the same way and if and are much less than and then the odds ratio will be almost the same as the relative risk In some sense the relative risk is a more intuitive measure of effect size Note that the choice is only for prospective studies were the distinction
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The odds ratio then provides an overestimation of the risk ratio, especially when the outcome is frequent The use of logistic regression to adjust for confounding is one of the reasons that odds ratios are presentedThe Odds Ratio The odds of disease in the exposed group are 7/10, and the odds of disease in the nonexposed group are 6/56 If I compute the odds ratio, I get (7/10) / (5/56) = 656, very close to the risk ratio that I computed from data for the entire population We will consider odds ratios and casecontrol studies in much greater depth in
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